Sensing Soluble Immune Checkpoint Molecules and Disease-Relevant Cytokines in Cancer: A Novel Paradigm in Disease Diagnosis and Monitoring
نویسندگان
چکیده
Conventional detection of cancer involves highly invasive and expensive diagnostic procedures, often leading to non-compliance from patients. Therefore, there is a strong requirement for the development non-invasive techniques that can facilitate rapid timely diagnosis disease. The tumor-immune interaction leads anomalous expression different soluble immune signaling molecules like cytokines chemokines, thus making them promising candidates sensing disease progression. Furthermore, differential isoforms several immune-checkpoint PD-L1, CTLA-4 etc., has been found have correlation with tissue-specific tumor development, progression in many cases, prognosis. biosensors, rapidly detect analyze levels these body fluids, requiring minimal sample volume, potential be game-changer field diagnosis. In addition, real time monitoring checkpoint patient-derived biofluids may serve as decision support tools patient selection immunotherapeutic interventions. Majority biosensors designed biomarkers, used two-antibody based sandwich system capture target analyte. However, new technologies using bioreceptors aptamers or nano-yeast scFv antibody fragments made possible multiplexed analytes simultaneously. use gold nanoparticles carbon nanotubes on electrode surface serves increase sensitivity detection, due their high electrical conductivity. Further, fabrication microfluidic platforms enable at ultra-low levels. This review discusses recent advances specific selective immune-markers successfully translated clinics paradigm monitoring.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Frontiers in sensors
سال: 2022
ISSN: ['2673-5067']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fsens.2022.789771